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<\/a>\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7684\u89aa\u5c6c\u95dc\u4fc2\u69cb\u67b6<\/h2>\n

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\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u5718\u9ad4\u662f\u5b97\u65cf\uff08\u5e0c\u4f2f\u4f86\u6587\uff1amishpahah\uff09\u3002\u5728\u4e03\u500b\u652f\u6d3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b97\u65cf\u662f\u4ee5\u96c5\u5404\u7684\u5b6b\u5b50\u547d\u540d\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u4e94\u500b\u652f\u6d3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b97\u65cf\u662f\u4ee5\u96c5\u5404\u7684\u66fe\u5b6b\u547d\u540d\u7684\u3002\u5927\u7d04\u6709\u516d\u5341\u500b\u5b97\u65cf\u3002\u5728\u9032\u5165\u8fe6\u5357\u5730\u6642\uff0c\u6c11\u6578\u8a1826\uff1a51\u8a18\u8f09\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u6210\u5e74\u7537\u5b50\u7684\u6578\u76ee\u70ba\u516d\u5341\u842c\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u5b97\u65cf\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5927\u5c0f\u70ba\u4e00\u842c\u6210\u5e74\u7537\u5b50\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u5b97\u65cf\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u548c\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u5f88\u5f37\u7684\u8840\u7de3\u610f\u8b58\uff0c\u7a31\u5f7c\u6b64\u70ba\u5f1f\u5144\uff08\u53c3\u8003\u6492\u6bcd\u8033\u8a18\u4e0a20\uff1a29\uff09<\/p>\n

\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u55ae\u5143\uff0c\u5728\u5e0c\u4f2f\u4f86\u8a9e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u300c3G\u5bb6\u5ead\u300d\uff08\u5e0c\u4f2f\u4f86\u6587\uff1abethuv\uff09\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4e09\u5230\u56db\u4ee3\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u7247\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u5f7c\u6b64\u70ba\u9130\u7684\u5927\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u975e\u89aa\u5c6c\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u7576\u6642\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4eba\u5c07\u90a3\u4e9b\u56f0\u82e6\u7aae\u4e4f\u6216\u5bc4\u5c45\u7684\u4eba\u5438\u6536\u5230\u89aa\u5c6c\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4e2d\u4f86\u4e5f\u662f\u5f88\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u56b4\u683c\u5730\u4f86\u8b1b\uff0c\u5728\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4eba\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u8a5e\u63cf\u8ff0\u6838\u5fc3\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u64f4\u5927\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u55ae\u4f4d\u4e00\u822c\u6709\u5341\u81f3\u4e09\u5341\u500b\u6210\u5e74\u7537\u5b50\u3002\u5b78\u8005\u54e5\u7279\u74e6\u723e\u5fb7\uff08Gottwald\uff09\u76f8\u4fe13G\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u53ef\u9054\u4e94\u5341\u81f3\u4e00\u767e\u4eba\u3002\u6bcf\u7576\u8056\u7d93\u4e2d\u8ac7\u5230\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5c31\u5305\u62ec\u6211\u5011\u525b\u624d\u8aaa\u7684\u64f4\u5927\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u795e\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u793e\u6703\u69cb\u67b6\u7684\u6700\u5e95\u968e\u5c64\u3002<\/p>\n

\u90a3\u9ebc\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u5728\u65cf\u8b5c\u4e0a\u6709\u76f8\u61c9\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u5148\u662f\u5c0f\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u54e1\uff08\u64f4\u5927\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\uff09\uff0c\u4f4d\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u7a0d\u5927\u7684\u5718\u9ad4\u88e1\uff08\u5b97\u65cf\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u662f\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5718\u9ad4\uff08\u652f\u6d3e\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u662f\u4f4d\u65bc\u6574\u9ad4\u88e1\uff08\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\uff09\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u69cb\u67b6\u4f7f\u4eba\u5011\u5718\u7d50\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8eab\u5206\u548c\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u5c64\u6b21\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\u548c\u8cac\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/a>\u5283\u5206\u571f\u5730<\/h2>\n

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\u7d04\u65e6\u6cb3\u5169\u5cb8\u5404\u4e09\u500b\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u4e00\u5171\u516d\u500b\u57ce\u5e02\u88ab\u5206\u5225\u51fa\u4f86\u4f5c\u70ba\u300c\u9003\u57ce\u300d\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u8aa4\u6bba\u4eba\u7684\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u9003\u5230\u90a3\u88e1\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u300c\u4e0d\u6b7b\u5728\u5831\u8840\u4ec7\u4eba\u7684\u624b\u4e2d\u300d\uff08\u7d04\u66f8\u4e9e\u8a1820\uff1a1-9\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u73fe\u5728\u5269\u4e0b\u5229\u672a\u652f\u6d3e\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u5c45\u4f4f\u548c\u7267\u990a\u7272\u755c\u7684\u571f\u5730\u3002\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u652f\u6d3e\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5229\u672a\u652f\u6d3e\u6c92\u6709\u5206\u5f97\u5730\u571f\u4f5c\u70ba\u7522\u696d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4e3b\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7522\u696d\uff08\u53c3\u8003\u7d04\u66f8\u4e9e\u8a1813\uff1a33\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u9700\u8981\u6709\u571f\u5730\u4f86\u5c45\u4f4f\u3001\u6709\u8349\u5730\u4f86\u9935\u990a\u7272\u755c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6bcf\u500b\u652f\u6d3e\u5f9e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5730\u696d\u4e2d\u5206\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u57ce\u9091\u548c\u90ca\u91ce\u9001\u7d66\u4e86\u5229\u672a\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u96e3\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u795e\u5df2\u7d93\u6697\u793a\u7942\u6e34\u671b\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u600e\u6a23\u7684\u793e\u6703\u3002\u5718\u7d50\u4e00\u81f4<\/strong>\uff1a\u7d04\u66f8\u4e9e\u547d\u4ee4\u6d41\u4fbf\u3001\u8fe6\u5f97\u548c\u746a\u62ff\u897f\u534a\u652f\u6d3e\u7684\u4eba\u8981\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5f1f\u5144\u800c\u6230\uff0c\u300c\u4f60\u5011\u22ef\u22ef\u90fd\u8981\u22ef\u22ef\u5e6b\u52a9\u4ed6\u5011\uff0c\u7b49\u5230\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u4f7f\u4f60\u5011\u7684\u5f1f\u5144\u50cf\u4f60\u5011\u4e00\u6a23\u5f97\u4eab\u5e73\u5b89\u3002\u300d\uff08\u7d04\u66f8\u4e9e\u8a181\uff1a14-15\uff09\u516c\u5e73\uff1a\u571f\u5730\u6309\u7167\u652f\u6d3e\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u800c\u5283\u5206\uff0c\u300c\u4eba\u591a\u7684\uff0c\u8981\u628a\u7522\u696d\u591a\u5206\u7d66\u4ed6\u5011\uff1b\u4eba\u5c11\u7684\uff0c\u8981\u628a\u7522\u696d\u5c11\u5206\u7d66\u4ed6\u5011\u3002\u300d\uff08\u6c11\u6578\u8a1833\uff1a54\uff09\u6190\u61ab<\/strong>\uff1a\u8a2d\u7acb\u9003\u57ce\uff0c\u4f7f\u8aa4\u6bba\u4eba\u7684\u53ef\u4ee5\u9003\u5230\u90a3\u88e1\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u4e0d\u6b7b\u5728\u5831\u8840\u4ec7\u4eba\u7684\u624b\u88e1\u3002\u6177\u6168<\/strong>\uff1a\u6bcf\u500b\u652f\u6d3e\u5f9e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5730\u696d\u4e2d\u5206\u51fa\u57ce\u9091\u9001\u7d66\u5229\u672a\u4eba\uff0c\u5229\u672a\u4eba\u4e5f\u653e\u68c4\u64c1\u6709\u7269\u8cea\u7522\u696d\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u614b\u5ea6\u4e5f\u9f13\u52f5\u5927\u5bb6\u5c0d\u795e\u548c\u5c0d\u4eba\u6709\u7a2e\u72a7\u7272\u5949\u737b\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u3002\u6240\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u539f\u5247\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u4fe1\u9760\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u795e\u6703\u734e\u8cde\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u9806\u670d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4f9b\u61c9\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6240\u9700\u6240\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5730\u571f\u662f\u6309\u7167\u652f\u6d3e\u5283\u5206\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u571f\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u793e\u6703\u95dc\u4fc2\u5c31\u843d\u5be6\u5230\u5b97\u65cf\u548c\u64f4\u5c55\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u5c64\u9762\u4e0a\u4e86\u3002\u9019\u5169\u500b\u5718\u9ad4\u7684\u5206\u754c\u4ea4\u932f\u91cd\u758a\u3002\u5b97\u65cf\u8ca0\u8cac\u4fdd\u8b77\u4eba\u6c11\u548c\u4fdd\u7559\u8ca1\u7522\u3002\u9019\u500b\u8cac\u4efb\u5c31\u5206\u5225\u843d\u5230\u5b97\u65cf\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u8207\u6709\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4eba\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u89aa\u5c6c\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5bb6\u4eba\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u9019\u500b\u89d2\u8272\u88ab\u53eb\u4f5c\u201cguel\u201d\uff08\u8d16\u8cb7\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u5f9e\u201cgual\u201d\u8d16\u8cb7\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u800c\u4f86\uff09\uff1b\u82e5\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u8fd1\u89aa\u53ef\u4ee5\u64d4\u4efb\u9019\u500b\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u90a3\u9ebc\u5c31\u843d\u5230\u672c\u5bb6\u8fd1\u652f\uff08\u53c3\u8003\u5229\u672a\u8a1825\uff1a49\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8d16\u8cb7\u4eba\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u6709\u5e7e\u500b\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u662f\u4fdd\u8b77\u540c\u65cf\u4eba\u7684\u540d\u5206\u548c\u7530\u7522\u3002\u4ed6\u5fc5\u9808\uff1a<\/p>\n

a\uff09\u82e5\u5f1f\u5144\u6b7b\u4e86\u6c92\u6709\u5152\u5b50\uff0c\u4ed6\u8981\u76e1\u5f1f\u5144\u672c\u5206\uff0c\u70ba\u4ed6\u5b58\u7559\u5f8c\u55e3\uff08\u53c3\u8003\u7533\u547d\u8a1825\uff1a5\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

b\uff09\u8d16\u56de\u56e0\u8457\u8ca0\u50b5\u800c\u8b8a\u8ce3\u81ea\u5df1\u70ba\u5974\u7684\u5f1f\u5144\uff08\u53c3\u8003\u5229\u672a\u8a1825\uff1a49\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

c\uff09\u8d16\u56de\u4ed6\u7684\u5f1f\u5144\u56e0\u8ca7\u7aae\u800c\u8ce3\u51fa\u7684\u5730\u696d\uff08\u53c3\u8003\u5229\u672a\u8a1825\uff1a25\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

d\uff09\u5728\u5bb6\u5ead\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u5b97\u65cf\u4e2d\u7e7c\u627f\u89aa\u5c6c\u7684\u5730\u696d\uff08\u53c3\u8003\u6c11\u6578\u8a1827\uff1a11\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

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<\/a>\u4eba\u6c11\u8207\u571f\u5730<\/h2>\n

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\u57ce\u9091\u7684\u5927\u5c0f<\/strong><\/p>\n

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    \n
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    \u820a\u7d04\u5b78\u8005\u5e0c\u9813\uff08E. W. Heaton\uff09\u8a55\u8ad6\u7533\u547d\u8a18\u4e2d\u6700\u5f8c\u9019\u5169\u689d\u898f\u5b9a\u6642\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u795e\u5c0d\u7aae\u4eba\u7d30\u7dfb\u5165\u5fae\u7684\u95dc\u61f7\u3002\u4ed6\u5beb\u5230\u300c\u8cb8\u6b3e\u8005\u7981\u6b62\u62ff\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55\u751f\u6d3b\u5fc5\u9700\u54c1\u4f5c\u70ba\u7576\u982d\u300d\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u795e\u9084\u7dad\u8b77\u501f\u9322\u4eba\u7684\u5c0a\u56b4\uff0c\u300c\u4e0d\u8a31\u50b5\u4e3b\u9032\u5165\u7aae\u4eba\u7684\u5bb6\u88e1\u62ff\u53d6\u7576\u982d\uff0c\u8981\u5728\u9580\u5916\u7b49\u5019\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n

    \u8ce0\u511f\u548c\u6b78\u9084<\/strong><\/p>\n

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    \u737b\u796d<\/strong><\/p>\n

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    \u7bc0\u65e5<\/strong><\/p>\n

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