\u912d\u4ef0\u6069\uff08\u53f0\u7063\u795e\u5b78\u9662\u5b78\u8853\u526f\u9662\u9577\uff09<\/p>\n
\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7d93\u6fdf\u9ad4\u7cfb\u5fc5\u9808\u7acb\u8db3\u65bc\u4ee5\u96c6\u9ad4\u516c\u6c11\u5229\u76ca\u70ba\u57fa\u672c\u8003\u91cf\u7684\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u767c\u63ee\u517c\u9867\u81ea\u5229\u8207\u4ed6\u5229\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7d93\u6fdf\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u672c\u671f\u300a\u65b0\u4f7f\u8005\u300b\u4e3b\u984c\u65b9\u5411\u63a2\u8a0e\u300c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u8ca1\u5bcc\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u300d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u4eca\u5e74\u9032\u4fee\u5047\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u756b\u662f\u300c\u8607\u683c\u862d\u555f\u8499\u904b\u52d5\u300d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8acb\u5bb9\u8a31\u6211\u5f9e\u4e9e\u7576\uff0e\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u8ac7\u8d77\uff0c\u518d\u8f49\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4eba\u6027\u8ad6\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u624d\u8ac7\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<\/p>\n
\u203b \u4e9e\u7576\uff0e\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u4e00\u751f
\n\u88ab\u8b7d\u70ba\u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e4b\u7236\u300d\u7684\u4e9e\u7576\uff0e\u65af\u5bc6\uff08Adam Smith\uff09\u65bc1723\u5e746\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u51fa\u751f\u65bc\u611b\u4e01\u5821\u5916\u570d\u4f5b\u65af\u7063\u65c1\u7684\u5bc7\u514b\u5361\u8fea\uff08Kirkcaldy\uff09\u93ae\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u89aa\u8b80\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5728\u7576\u5730\u6d77\u95dc\u670d\u52d9\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e78\u65bc\u4ed6\u51fa\u751f\u6578\u6708\u524d \u56e0\u75c5\u904e\u4e16\u3002\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u6bcd\u89aa\u662f\u4f4d\u5584\u826f\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5a66\u5973\uff0c\u7e3d\u662f\u7121\u5fae\u4e0d\u81f3\u5730\u7167\u6599\u5e74\u5e7c\u9ad4\u5f31\u7684\u4ed6\uff0c\u5728\u5be1\u5a66\u548c\u907a\u8179\u5b50\u4e4b\u9593\u6709\u8457\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u4ed6\u4e5f\u4ee5\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u611b\u5fc3\u56de\u5831\u6bcd\u89aa\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b \u4e45\u3002\u4ed6\u4e09\u6b72\u6642\u66fe\u88ab\u4e00\u7fa4\u88dc\u934b\u5320\u7d81\u8d70\uff0c\u96d6\u65bc\u6578\u5c0f\u6642\u5f8c\u7372\u6551\uff0c\u4f46\u5e7c\u5c0f\u5fc3\u9748\u5fc5\u7136\u53d7\u5230\u885d\u64ca\u3002\u8607\u683c\u862d\u81ea1707\u5e74\u8d77\u8207\u82f1\u683c\u862d\u7d50\u76df\u5f8c\uff0c\u6cbf\u5cb8\u8d70\u79c1\u7316\u7357\uff0c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u9019\u4e9b\u79c1\u689f\u672c\u662f\u5584 \u826f\u767e\u59d3\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u751f\u6d3b\u5bb6\u8a08\u624d\u92cc\u800c\u8d70\u96aa\u3002\u5f9e\u5c0f\u89c0\u5bdf\u9019\u4e9b\u666f\u8c61\u7684\u65af\u5bc6\u6df1\u6df1\u9ad4\u8a8d\uff1a\u5229\u76ca\u7576\u524d\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u5c31\u6703\u53d7\u672c\u6027\u9a45\u4f7f\uff0c\u4e0d\u60dc\u5c0d\u6297\u5b98\u5e9c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u570b\u5bcc\u8ad6\u300b\u88e1\u63d0\u5230\uff1a\u300c\u4eba\u5011\u6f5b\u85cf \u8457\u6539\u5584\u81ea\u8eab\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u5f37\u70c8\u672c\u80fd\u2026\uff0c\u5149\u6191\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u7121\u9808\u5916\u529b\u8f14\u52a9\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4f7f\u793e\u6703\u7e41\u69ae\u5bcc\u8db3\uff0c\u4e5f\u8db3\u4ee5\u5277\u9664\u4e00\u5207\u4eba\u70ba\u6cd5\u5f8b\u69cb\u6210\u7684\u963b\u7919\u3002\u300d\u9019\u5df2\u6307\u5411\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u8207\u4eba\u6027\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002
\n\u65af\u5bc6\u5f9e\u5c0f\u63a5\u53d7\u512a\u7570\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u56e0\u9ad4\u5f31\u591a\u75c5\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u9592\u6687\u5927\u91cf\u95b1\u8b80\uff0c\u5584\u65bc\u5206\u6790\u601d\u8003\u3002\u4ed6\u5341\u56db\u6b72\u9032\u5165\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u54e5\u5927\u5b78\uff0c\u6700\u6709\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u79d1\u76ee\u662f\u6578\u5b78\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u4e0a\u4e86\u54c8\u5947\u68ee \uff08Francis Hutcheson\uff09\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u8ab2\u7a0b\uff0c\u5f9e\u6b64\u6539\u8b8a\u4e00\u751f\u3002\u81ea\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u54e5\u7562\u696d\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7372\u5f97\u734e\u5b78\u91d1\u5230\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u8c9d\u5229\u6b50\u5b78\u9662\uff08Baliol College\uff09\u7814\u8b80\u4e03\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7fd2\u300c\u65af\u6587\u300d\u6587\u5b78\uff08polite literature\uff09\u53ca\u6cd5\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3002\u56e0\u78ba\u4fe1\u8607\u683c\u862d\u5f0f\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u512a\u8d8a\u6027\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u5ea6\u904e\u7684\u4e03\u5e74\u7aae\u6975\u7121\u804a\uff0c\u66f4\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a72\u5730\u5927\u5b78\u662f\u300c\u9839\u572e\u9ad4\u5236\u8207\u843d\u4f0d\u504f\u898b\u7684\u5e87\u8b77\u6240\u300d\u3002\u4ed6 \u56e0\u79c1\u4e0b\u7814\u8b80\u5927\u885b\uff0e\u4f11\u59c6\uff08David Hume\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4eba\u6027\u8ad6\u300b\u800c\u906d\u6559\u6388\u8b74\u8cac\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u56e0\u800c\u96e2\u958b\u725b\u6d25\u3002\u65af\u5bc6\u539f\u672c\u60f3\u7576\u7267\u5e2b\uff0c\u537b\u4e00\u76f4\u672a\u6b63\u5f0f\u64d4\u4efb\u795e\u8077\uff0c1748\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u611b\u4e01\u5821\u8b1b\u6388\u4fee\u8fad\u5b78\u548c\u512a\u7f8e\u6587 \u5b78\uff0c1751\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u53d7\u8058\u70ba\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u54e5\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u5b78\u6559\u6388\uff0c1752\u5e74\uff0c\u66f4\u63a5\u4efb\u54c8\u5947\u68ee\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u5e2d\uff0c\u6559\u6388\u81ea\u7136\u795e\u5b78\u3001\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u3001\u6cd5\u7406\u5b78\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b78\u7b49\u3002\u4ed6\u65bc1759 \u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u66f8\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u60c5\u64cd\u8ad6\u300b\u3002
\n\u5728\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u54e5\u6559\u5b78\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u65bc1763\u5e74\u53d7\u8058\u70ba\u8607\u683c\u862d\u9996\u5bcc\u5df4\u514b\u5217\u516c\u7235\uff08Duke of Buccleuch\uff09\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u6559\u5e2b\uff0c\u966a\u4f34\u9019\u4f4d\u5341\u516b\u6b72\u7684\u5c0f\u516c\u7235\u53ca\u5176\u5f1f\u5230\u6cd5\u570b\u7684\u571f\u9b6f\u65af\u3001\u65e5\u5167\u74e6\u548c\u5df4\u9ece\u9032\u884c\u6b50\u9678\u4e4b\u65c5\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u89aa\u8eab\u89c0\u5bdf\u5404\u5730\u570b\u60c5\u98a8\u571f\uff0c\u66f4\u7d50\u8b58\u7576\u4ee3\u91cd\u8981\u601d \u60f3\u5bb6\u5982\u4f0f\u723e\u6cf0\uff08Voltaire\uff09\u548c\u4e3b\u5f35\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u601d\u60f3\u300d\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u300c\u91cd\u8fb2\u5b78\u6d3e\u300d\uff08physiocrats\uff0c\u6216\u8b6f\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u6d3e\u300d\uff09\u30021766\u5e74\uff0c\u56e0\u516c\u7235\u4e4b\u5f1f \u611f\u67d3\u71b1\u75c5\u904e\u4e16\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7d50\u675f\u904a\u5b78\u4e4b\u65c5\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u502b\u6566\u3002\u5728\u5df4\u514b\u5217\u516c\u7235\u7d42\u8eab\u85aa\u4ff8\u7684\u8d0a\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u958b\u59cb\u64b0\u5beb\u601d\u616e\u5df2\u4e45\u7684\u300a\u570b\u5bcc\u8ad6\u300b\u3002\u8a72\u66f8\u65bc1776\u5e743\u67089\u65e5\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u7372\u5f97\u9a5a\u4eba \u8ff4\u97ff\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7248\u65bc\u516d\u500b\u6708\u5f8c\u92b7\u552e\u4e00\u7a7a\u3002\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u7d42\u8eab\u597d\u53cb\u4f11\u59c6\u5c0d\u5176\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u4e4b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5927\u611f\u9a5a\u7570\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u4e5f\u958b\u59cb\u5f71\u97ff\u6b50\u6d32\u7684\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u30021777\u5e74\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u6084\u6084\u5730\u63a5\u4efb \u8607\u683c\u862d\u6d77\u95dc\u5c08\u54e1\u7684\u8077\u52d9\uff0c1787\u5e74\u66f4\u88ab\u9080\u8058\u70ba\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u54e5\u5927\u5b78\u6821\u9577\u3002\u4ed6\u65bc1790\u5e747\u670817\u65e5\u6b7b\u65bc\u5bd3\u6240\uff0c\u5893\u7891\u4e0a\u50c5\u63d0\u53ca\u4ed6\u662f\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u60c5\u64cd\u8ad6\u300b\u548c\u300a\u570b\u5bcc\u8ad6\u300b\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n
\u203b \u4e9e\u7576\uff0e\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u300c\u570b\u5bcc\u8ad6\u300d\u89c0\u9ede
\n\u300a\u570b\u5bcc\u8ad6\u300b\u4e26\u975e\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u66f8\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u539f\u5275\u6027\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u6700\u5927\u8ca2\u737b\u5728\u65bc\u9996\u6b21\u901a\u904e\u89c0\u5bdf\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u5c07\u7576\u6642\u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u6703\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u751f\u6d3b\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u52a0\u4ee5 \u6aa2\u8996\uff0c\u4e26\u4ee5\u975e\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u8a9e\u8a00\u5beb\u4f5c\uff0c\u8b93\u4e00\u822c\u8b80\u8005\u6613\u65bc\u77ad\u89e3\u3002\u8a72\u66f8\u4e3b\u65e8\u53ef\u5f9e\u5176\u5b8c\u6574\u6a19\u984c\u770b\u51fa\uff1a\u300a\u5c0d\u570b\u5bb6\u8ca1\u5bcc\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u53ca\u7a2e\u7a2e\u6210\u56e0\u4e4b\u63a2\u8a0e\u300b(An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations)\u3002\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u300c\u8ca1\u5bcc\u300d\u4e26\u975e\u6307\u91d1\u9322\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u4e00\u518d\u5f37\u8abf\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u8ca1\u5bcc\u5728\u65bc\u5546\u54c1\uff08commodities\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u53ca\u4eab\u53d7\u7684\u7269\u8cc7\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u4f11\u59c6\u4ee5 \u53ca\u91cd\u8fb2\u5b78\u6d3e\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u4ed6\u53cd\u5c0d\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff08mercantilist\uff09\u6240\u4e3b\u5f35\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u8ca1\u5bcc\u662f\u7531\u570b\u5bb6\u7372\u53d6\u7684\u91d1\u9280\u7b49\u9322\u8ca1\u7e3d\u984d\u6240\u69cb\u6210\u300d\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u4ed6\u64b0\u5beb\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8981\u986f\u793a \u570b\u5bb6\u8ca1\u5bcc\u7684\u5be6\u6cc1\uff0c\u4e26\u89e3\u91cb\u5b83\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u5546\u696d\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7d2f\u7a4d\u6210\u9577\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u63d0\u51fa\u6301\u7e8c\u8a72\u6210\u9577\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5efa\u8b70\u3002\u5728\u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u540c\u7d93\u6fdf\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u904b\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u7d93\u6fdf\u6210\u9577\u53f2\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f37\u8abf\u300c\u672c\u7136\u81ea \u7531\u300d\uff08natural liberty\uff09\u5728\u9019\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u8cbf\u6613\u300d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u4e26\u6279\u8a55\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u8ce6\u4e88\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u6607\u570b\u5bb6\u6b72\u6536\u53ca\u898f\u7bc4\u7d93 \u6fdf\u4e8b\u52d9\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002
\n\u63a1\u7528\u725b\u9813\u7684\u5be6\u8b49\u6b78\u7d0d\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u4ee5\u300c\u52de\u529b\u5206\u5de5\u300d\u4f5c\u70ba\u57fa\u672c\u8a6e\u91cb\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f35\u5728\u52de\u529b\u5c08\u696d\u5316\u4e14\u7d50\u5408\u79d1\u6280\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u6280\u5de7\uff09\u9032\u5c55\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf \u5c31\u6703\u85c9\u52a9\u4ea4\u6613\uff08exchange\uff09\u800c\u4e0d\u65b7\u6210\u9577\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u54f2\u5b78\u601d\u60f3\u6703\u7522\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u5b78\u9580\u6216\u79d1\u76ee\uff0c\u5546\u54c1\u751f\u7522\u904e\u7a0b\u4e5f\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u6216\u5c08\u696d\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u52de\u529b\u5206\u5de5\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u5247\u6703 \u53d7\u5230\u5e02\u5834\u7bc4\u570d\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u8ad6\u5230\u5e02\u5834\u6a5f\u5236\u7684\u904b\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5546\u54c1\u50f9\u683c\u8d77\u4f0f\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4e26\u8ad6\u53ca\u300c\u5e02\u5834\u50f9\u683c\u300d\u548c\u300c\u672c\u7136\u50f9\u683c\u300d\u7684\u5340\u5206\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u5e73\u8861\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5f8c\u8005\u5be6\u969b\u53cd\u6620\u5de5\u8cc7\u3001\u5229 \u6f64\u548c\u751f\u7522\u6210\u672c\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f9d\u6b64\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4ed6\u7684\u300c\u5206\u914d\u300d\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e26\u4e3b\u5f35\u5de5\u8cc7\u61c9\u53cd\u6620\u5be6\u969b\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u82e5\u662f\u52de\u7d2f\u64cd\u7169\u3001\u5371\u96aa\u6216\u662f\u9700\u9577\u671f\u8a13\u7df4\u6216\u5831\u916c\u7387\u4f4e\uff0c\u5de5\u8cc7\u5c31\u61c9\u76f8\u5c0d\u63d0 \u9ad8\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u5de5\u4f5c\u6027\u8cea\u7684\u4e0d\u5c0d\u7b49\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5de5\u8cc7\u7684\u4e0d\u5c0d\u7b49\u4f86\u52a0\u4ee5\u5e73\u8861\u3002
\n\u56e0\u70ba\u6d88\u8cbb\u548c\u7d2f\u7a4d\u8cc7\u672c\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u56fa\u5b9a\u8cc7\u672c\u53ca\u6d41\u52d5\u8cc7\u672c\uff09\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u96a8\u6a5f\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u5e02\u5834\u904b\u4f5c\u4e26\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u4fdd \u8b49\u8ca1\u5bcc\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u4ee5\u4eba\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u4f86\u63a2\u8a0e\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u51b7\u975c\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u5229\u300d\uff08self-interest\uff09\u52d5\u6a5f\u6703\u5f15\u5c0e\u4eba\u9032\u884c\u4ea4\u6613\u3001\u52a0\u5165\u52de\u529b\u5c08\u696d \u5206\u5de5\u4ee5\u6e1b\u4f4e\u52de\u7d2f\u64cd\u7169\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u901a\u904e\u7a4d\u84c4\u4f86\u7d2f\u7a4d\u8cc7\u672c\u4ee5\u671f\u8ffd\u6c42\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u5728\u81ea\u5229\u52d5\u6a5f\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u904b\u4f5c\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u793e\u7fa4\u7372\u5f97\u7121\u9810\u671f\u4e14\u672a\u7d93\u8a08\u756b\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u500b\u4eba\u53ea\u5728 \u4e4e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u537b\u88ab\u4e00\u96bb\u7121\u5f62\u7684\u624b\u5f15\u5c0e\u4fc3\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u539f\u672c\u975e\u4ed6\u6240\u9810\u671f\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u300d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u4fc3\u9032\u793e\u6703\u7684\u7e3d\u6536\u5165\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u300d\uff08public interest\uff09\u3002\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u8655\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5bcc\u4eba\u7684\u6d88\u8cbb\u53ca\u751f\u6d3b\u6240\u9700\u4e26\u4e0d\u6bd4\u7aae\u4eba\u591a\u51fa\u591a\u5c11\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u7684\u9f90\u5927\u5c4b\u820d\u548c\u8ca1\u7522\u7684\u7d93\u71df\u7dad\u6301\u537b\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5f8c\u8005\u5de5\u4f5c\u6a5f\u6703\u53ca\u751f\u6d3b\u6240 \u9700\uff0c\u9019\u96bb\u7121\u5f62\u7684\u624b\u540c\u6a23\u5f15\u5c0e\u5bcc\u4eba\u4fc3\u9032\u793e\u6703\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u5206\u914d\u3002
\n\u5728\u6b64\u5fc5\u9808\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u300c\u7121\u5f62\u4e4b\u624b\u300d\u7406\u8ad6\u4e26\u975e\u5617\u8a66\u5c07\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u7f6e\u65bc\u795e\u5b78\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u6307\u660e\u90a3 \u300c\u660e\u986f\u4e14\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u672c\u7136\u81ea\u7531\u7cfb\u7d71\u300d\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u597d\u8655\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u904b\u4f5c\u4e0b\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u975e\u7d93\u500b\u4eba\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u5718\u9ad4\u6240\u8a08\u756b\u6216\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u8457\u540d\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u8a6e\u91cb\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f35\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u6cc1 \u662f\u5168\u7136\u516c\u5e73\u800c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u4e00\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u300d\uff08laisses-faire\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u570b\u969b\u548c\u672c\u570b\u8cbf\u6613\u5728\u5167\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u63aa\u65bd\uff08\u8b6c\u5982\u67d0\u4e9b\u4f01\u696d\u4e3b \u9577\u671f\u638c\u63a7\u898b\u7fd2\u751f\u7684\u4f5c\u6cd5\uff09\u800c\u767c\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7af6\u722d\u548c\u52de\u529b\u5206\u914d\u7684\u6a5f\u52d5\u6027\u4e0d\u8981\u53d7\u5230\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7e3d\u662f\u5e36\u8457\u660e\u986f\u7684\u52d9\u5be6\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u5f37\u8abf\u5fc5\u9808\u5c07\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u65b9 \u6848\u61c9\u7528\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u88e1\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u8a8d\u70ba\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u5728\u9867\u53ca\u570b\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u9762\u5c0d\u5176\u4ed6\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\u63aa\u65bd\u6642\u662f\u5408\u5b9c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
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\n\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u60c5\u64cd\u8ad6\u300b\uff08The Theory of Moral Sentiment\uff09\u4e00\u66f8\u5617\u8a66\u7d66\u4e88\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u4e00\u500b\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u3002\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u4e0d\u5217\u985b\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u5206\u70ba\u5169\u6d3e\uff1a\u7406\u6027\u6d3e\u4e3b\u5f35\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u61c9\u6839\u64da\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u7684\u7406\u6027\u77ad\u89e3\uff0c\u5be6\u8b49\u6d3e\u5247 \u4e3b\u5f35\u61c9\u6839\u64da\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u88e1\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u7d93\u9a57\u3002\u65af\u5bc6\u78ba\u4fe1\u7406\u6027\u6d3e\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u5df2\u7d93\u88ab\u4ed6\u7684\u8001\u5e2b\u54c8\u5947\u68ee\u53ca\u597d\u53cb\u4f11\u59c6\u6240\u99c1\u5012\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u63a1\u53d6\u5be6\u8b49\u6d3e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u8a66\u5716\u8d85\u8d8a\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u54c8\u5947\u68ee\u5f9e\u57fa \u7763\u6559\u6559\u7fa9\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ee5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u6240\u5f97\u52a0\u4ee5\u95e1\u91cb\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f35\u6240\u6709\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u90fd\u662f\u8a8d\u540c\u611f\u6216\u5426\u5b9a\u611f\u7684\u8868\u9054\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u985e\u81ea\u7136\u50be\u5411\u88e1\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u611f\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u53ef\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u300c\u9053\u5fb7\u611f\u300d \uff08moral sense\uff09\u7684\u5929\u8ce6\u672c\u80fd\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u540c\u7f8e\u611f\u4e00\u822c\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u8a8d\u540c\u611f\u662f\u4ee5\u300c\u5584\u610f\u300d\uff08benevolence\uff09\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u800c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u611f\u5247\u662f\u6e90\u81ea\u5584\u610f\u7684\u7f3a\u4e4f\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4eba \u7684\u5e78\u798f\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u6109\u6085\u4e4b\u60c5\u300d\u6210\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u5224\u65b7\u662f\u975e\u7684\u4f9d\u64da\uff0c\u81ea\u5229\u8207\u4ed6\u5229\u5728\u54c8\u5947\u68ee\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u88e1\u4e0d\u518d\u4e92\u76f8\u62b5\u89f8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u9ad8\u5c64\u6b21\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u5ff5\u88e1\u5408\u800c\u70ba\u4e00\u3002
\n\u540c\u70ba\u54c8\u5947\u68ee\u4e4b\u5b78 \u751f\u7684\u4f11\u59c6\u65bc1734\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u4eba\u6027\u8ad6\u300b\uff0c\u4e26\u5927\u81bd\u5730\u6307\u51fa\u300c\u7406\u6027\u7e3d\u662f\u81e3\u670d\u65bc\u611f\u60c5\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u79c1\u5229\u300d\u5247\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u6700\u5e95\u5c64\u7684\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6587\u660e\u793e\u6703\u5fc5\u9808\u6709\u4e00\u5957\u758f\u5c0e\u4eba\u985e\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u6a5f \u5236\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f35\u4eba\u6027\u96e3\u4ee5\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u4f46\u617e\u671b\u672c\u8eab\u537b\u53ef\u52a0\u4ee5\u758f\u5c0e\uff0c\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e4b\u9053\u5728\u65bc\u5c07\u4eba\u5011\u8caa\u5a6a\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u300c\u6607\u83ef\u300d\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u4e26\u5851\u9020\u4e00\u5957\u300c\u70ba\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u65bd\u884c\u516c\u7fa9\u53ca\u722d\u53d6\u6700\u5927\u5229\u76ca\u300d\u7684 \u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u3002\u9019\u4e0d\u5fc5\u9810\u8a2d\u4eba\u5fc3\u64c1\u6709\u5167\u5728\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u611f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u300c\u89c0\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u8a8d\u540c\u611f\u300d\u4e0a\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u5225\u4eba\u5c0d\u5584\u610f\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\u8b93\u4ed6\u5206\u4eab\u5225\u4eba \u6240\u9818\u53d7\u7684\u5feb\u6a02\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u6210\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u8a8d\u540c\u611f\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002
\n\u8655\u65bc\u54c8\u5947\u68ee\u300c\u5929\u8ce6\u9053\u5fb7\u611f\u300d\u548c\u4f11\u59c6\u300c\u5916\u5728\u758f\u5c0e\u6a5f\u5236\u300d\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u9ede\u4e0a\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u53e6\u95e2\u8e4a\u5f91\uff0c\u4e26\u91cd\u65b0\u5f37\u8abf\u8001 \u5e2b\u6240\u4e3b\u5f35\u300c\u53ef\u754f\u5fb7\u884c\u300d\uff08awful virtues\uff09\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u91cd\u8996\u6559\u7fa9\u3001\u81ea\u5f8b\u3001\u6cd5\u7d00\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9119\u8996\u60e1\u884c\u4e4b\u7fa9\u61a4\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u5169\u500b\u5177\u6709\u539f\u5275\u6027\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff1a\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\uff08sympathy\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u60f3 \u50cf\u7684\u7121\u79c1\u65c1\u89c0\u8005\u300d\uff08imagined impartial spectator\uff09\u3002\u5c0d\u65af\u5bc6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\uff0c\u901a\u904e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u773c\u5149\u4f86\u770b\u51fa\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u4e0d\u540c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u5f15\u767c\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8a8d\u540c\u611f\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u888d\u6fa4\u4e4b\u60c5\u300d\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u7522 \u751f\u4e0d\u5fcd\u898b\u4ed6\u4eba\u53d7\u96e3\u7684\u60fb\u96b1\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u9ad4\u9a57\u4ed6\u4eba\u82e6\u6a02\u60b2\u6b61\u7684\u5929\u8ce6\u672c\u80fd\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\u5f88\u985e\u4f3c\u4eca\u65e5\u6211\u5011\u6240\u7a31\u7684\u300c\u9023\u7d50\u611f\u300d\uff08solidarity\uff09\u6216\u540c\u7406 \u5fc3\uff08empathy\uff09\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u7121\u79c1\u65c1\u89c0\u8005\u6307\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u5728\u81ea\u8eab\u4e4b\u5916\u4ee5\u4ed6\u8005\u7684\u773c\u5149\u4f86\u5be9\u8996\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u8eab\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u82e5\u5c07\u4e4b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u5728\u4eba\u5fc3\u6df1\u8655\u6709\u300c\u5225\u4eba\u5728\u770b\u8457 \u4f60\u300d\u7684\u8072\u97f3\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u826f\u77e5\u300d\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u81ea\u6211\u8a55\u65b7\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u611f\uff0c\u5c31\u6210\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u52a0\u4e0a\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u5efa\u69cb\u5feb\u6a02 \u7f8e\u5584\u7684\u793e\u6703\u3002<\/p>\n
\u203b \u5728\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u8003\u91cf\u4e4b\u9593
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\n\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6b78\u6839\u7a76\u67e2\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6574\u5168\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u9084\u662f\u5728\u65bc\u65af\u5bc6\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u601d\u8003\u67b6\u69cb\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u5206 \u6790\u570b\u5bb6\u8ca1\u5bcc\u548c\u793e\u6703\u8cc7\u7522\u7684\u6210\u9577\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u63a2\u8a0e\u4eba\u6027\u672c\u8cea\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4f46\u9ede\u51fa\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u66f4\u5f37\u8abf\u300c\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\u300d\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u793e\u6703\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u6700\u6709 \u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u7e3d\u662f\u5c07\u601d\u8003\u9ede\u63d0\u6607\u5230\u300c\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u300d\u548c\u300c\u4ed6\u8005\u89c0\u9ede\u300d\u7684\u5c64\u9762\u4e0a\u3002\u5ef6\u7e8c\u54c8\u5947\u68ee\u6240\u958b\u555f\u7684\u9577\u8001\u6703\u4eba\u6587\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u78ba\u4fe1\uff0c\u826f\u77e5\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u500b\u4eba\u662f\u975e\u7684\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e92 \u5229\u8207\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002
\n\u4f0a\u6069\uff0e\u9ea5\u514b\u7433\uff08Iain McLean\uff09\u4ee5\u6cd5\u570b\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u53e3\u865f\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u535a\u611b\u300d\u4f86\u8a6e\u91cb\u65af\u5bc6\u5c0d\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5805\u4fe1\u300c\u672c\u7136\u81ea\u7531\u300d\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u65af\u5bc6\u4e0d\u4f46\u662f\u7d93\u6fdf\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f \u662f\u793e\u6703\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u60dc\u4e00\u5207\u6383\u9664\u4efb\u4f55\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u969c\u7919\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u627f\u63a5\u9577\u8001\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5275\u5efa\u8005\u8607\u683c\u862d\u6539\u6559\u5bb6\u6885\u723e\u7dad\u723e\uff08Andrew Melville\uff09\u300c\u4fe1\u773e\u7686\u5e73\u7b49\u300d\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u53cd\u6620\u6fc0\u9032\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7cbe\u795e\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5f9e\u4ed6\u6240\u4e00\u518d\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u300c\u7121\u79c1\u7684\u65c1\u89c0\u8005\u300d\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u5177\u6709\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7cbe \u795e\u7684\u535a\u611b\u601d\u60f3\u3002\uff08\u8a3b\uff09\u78ba\u5be6\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7d93\u6fdf\u9ad4\u7cfb\u5fc5\u9808\u7acb\u8db3\u65bc\u4ee5\u96c6\u9ad4\u516c\u6c11\u5229\u76ca\u70ba\u57fa\u672c\u8003\u91cf\u7684\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u767c\u63ee\u517c\u9867\u81ea\u5229\u8207\u4ed6\u5229\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7d93\u6fdf\u529b\u91cf\u3002
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\u8a3b\uff1aIain McLean, Adam Smith, Radical and Egalitarian: An Interpretation for the 21th Century (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006), pp. 120~132.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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